SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Lexicalization</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lexicalization</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>

In <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>lexicalization</b> is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's <a href="Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>.

</p><p>Whether <i><a href="Word_formation" title="Word formation">word formation</a></i> and <i>lexicalization</i> refer to the same process is controversial within the field of linguistics. Most linguists agree that there is a distinction, but there are many ideas of what the distinction is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexicalization may be simple, for example borrowing a word from another language, or more involved, as in <a href="Calque" title="Calque">calque or loan translation</a>, wherein a foreign phrase is translated literally, as in <i>marché aux puces</i>, or in English, flea market.

</p><p>Other mechanisms include <a href="Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a>, <a href="Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a>, and <a href="Blend_word" title="Blend word">blending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly interesting from the perspective of historical linguistics is the process by which <i>ad hoc</i> phrases become set in the language, and eventually become new words (see <a href="Lexicon#Lexicalization" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>). Lexicalization contrasts with <a href="Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">grammaticalization</a>, and the relationship between the two processes is subject to some debate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psycholinguistics">In psycholinguistics</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, lexicalization is the process of going from <a href="Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> to <a href="Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> in <a href="Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> production. The most widely accepted model, <a href="Speech_production" title="Speech production">speech production</a>, in which an underlying concept is converted into a <a href="Word" title="Word">word</a>, is at least a two-stage process.

</p><p>First, the <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> form (which is specified for meaning) is converted into a <a href="Lemma_(psycholinguistics)" title="Lemma (psycholinguistics)">lemma</a>, which is an abstract form specified for semantic and <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> information (how a word can be used in a sentence), but not for <a href="Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> information (how a word is pronounced). The next stage is the <a href="Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexeme</a>, which is phonologically specified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some recent work has challenged this model, suggesting for example that there is no lemma stage, and that syntactic information is retrieved in the semantic and phonological stages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sign_languages">In sign languages</h2></div>

<p>One way <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> adopt new words is through <a href="Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>, but in some cases these borrowings undergo a systemic transformation in form and meaning to become what are referred to as 'lexicalized signs'<sup id="cite_ref-MRID96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRID96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'loan signs.' These manual borrowings can act the same as other signs and can undergo regularly morphological changes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, regular, predictable changes may be made to hand shape and palm orientation. Similarly, movement and location of the sign may add grammatical information. Letters may also be elided or omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-MRID96_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRID96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexicalized signs may also be developed from gestures related to handling an object.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Brinton & Traugott, 2005, <i>Lexicalization and Language Change</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFLipka1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lipka, Leonhard (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5105/1/5105.pdf">"Lexicalization and Institutionalization in English and German"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistica Pragensia</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTalmy2000" class="citation book cs1">Talmy, Leonard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/talmy/talmyweb/Volume2/chap1.pdf"><i>Toward a Cognitive Semantics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley, T. (2005) <i>The Psychology of Language.</i> Hove; New York: Psychology Press: 359</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caramazza, A. (1997) How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? <i>Cognitive Neuropsychology</i>, 14, 177-208.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MRID96-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRID96_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRID96_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoinisGajewski_MickelsonGordonKrouse1996" class="citation book cs1">Boinis, S.; Gajewski Mickelson, P.; Gordon, P.; Krouse, L.S.; Swabey, L (1996). <i>Self-paced Modules for Educational Interpreter Skill Development: Fingerspelling</i>. Little Canada, Minnesota: Minnesota Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. pp. F-12, F-14.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBellugiNewkirk1981" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bellugi, Ursula; Newkirk, Don (1981). "Formal Devices for Creating New Signs in American Sign Language". <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. Spring 1981 (30): 4. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26203610">26203610</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeidlePoole_Nash2015" class="citation book cs1">Neidle, Carol; Poole Nash, Joan Cottle (2015). "American Sign Language". In Bakken Jepsen, Julie; De Clerck, Goedele; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam; McGregor, William B. (eds.). <i>Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. & Ishara Press. p. 38. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614518174-007">10.1515/9781614518174-007</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61451-796-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeesonSaeedGrehan2015" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Lorraine; Saeed, John I.; Grehan, Carmel (2015). "Irish Sign Language (ISL)". <i>Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook</i>. p. 462. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614518174-024">10.1515/9781614518174-024</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata651" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687185#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata651" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4472926-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12337774r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12337774r">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032326580">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-11-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Lexicalization&oldid=1183049787">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>